Dr. Drexler, Flagler County Delegate to Republican National Convention, to Meet With Temple Beth Shalom Teens
Violet Drexler, Ph.D. one of the two longest serving members of the Flagler County Republican Executive Committee will meet with area teenagers at Temple Beth Shalom on Tuesday evening, December 4th from 7 until 8 p.m. Community teens, parents and friends are welcome to attend. There is no charge, no advance reservations are necessary and refreshments will be available for sale to benefit the Susan G. Komen Race for the Cure.
Drexler who was a Graduate Professor of Education at New York University, will represent area Republicans at the Republican National Convention from September 1 through September 4 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. She represented county Republicans at their national convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 2000 and has served the local and Florida Republican parties in a variety of capacities since 1989. She taught at both Hunter College and Manhattan Community College in New York City before her retirement.
Temple Beth Shalom teens, still reeling from the murder of a fellow student at Flagler Palm Coast High School have been interested in issues relating to gun control and sought to get some answers from local political leaders. They also are looking forward to asking questions about the War in Iraq, immigration and health care. The teens, through their youth group, called Yad B’Yad--Hebrew for “Hand in Hand,” are learning that, despite their youth, they can have great influence over the upcoming election. The group is sponsored by Temple Beth Shalom and oversight comes from synagogue educator Robyn Shapiro.
Violet Drexler, Ph.D. one of the two longest serving members of the Flagler County Republican Executive Committee will meet with area teenagers at Temple Beth Shalom on Tuesday evening, December 4th from 7 until 8 p.m. Community teens, parents and friends are welcome to attend. There is no charge, no advance reservations are necessary and refreshments will be available for sale to benefit the Susan G. Komen Race for the Cure.
Drexler who was a Graduate Professor of Education at New York University, will represent area Republicans at the Republican National Convention from September 1 through September 4 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. She represented county Republicans at their national convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 2000 and has served the local and Florida Republican parties in a variety of capacities since 1989. She taught at both Hunter College and Manhattan Community College in New York City before her retirement.
Temple Beth Shalom teens, still reeling from the murder of a fellow student at Flagler Palm Coast High School have been interested in issues relating to gun control and sought to get some answers from local political leaders. They also are looking forward to asking questions about the War in Iraq, immigration and health care. The teens, through their youth group, called Yad B’Yad--Hebrew for “Hand in Hand,” are learning that, despite their youth, they can have great influence over the upcoming election. The group is sponsored by Temple Beth Shalom and oversight comes from synagogue educator Robyn Shapiro.
67 comments:
read thisabout this great phoney« up760 F.2d 406
13 Collier Bankr.Cas.2d 148, 13 Bankr.Ct.Dec. 79,
Bankr. L. Rep. P 70,388
In re FEIT & DREXLER, INC., Frank Feit Associates, Inc., and
William R. Drexler International, Inc., a/k/a
William R. Drexler International, Ltd., Debtors.
David M. GREEN, as Trustee of Feit & Drexler, Inc., Frank
Feit Associates, Inc., and William R. Drexler International,
Inc., a/k/a William R. Drexler International, Ltd., Debtors,
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v.
William R. DREXLER, Defendant,
and
Violet Drexler, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 493, Docket 84-5071.
United States Court of Appeals,
Second Circuit.
Argued Dec. 17, 1984.
Decided April 12, 1985.
David M. Green, New York City (Chester B. Salomon, P.C., New York City, on the brief), for plaintiffs-appellees.
Harvey Weinig, Port Washington, New York (Ressa, Nappi & Weinig, Port Washington, New York, on the brief), for defendant-appellant.
Before MESKILL, KEARSE, and CARDAMONE, Circuit Judges.
KEARSE, Circuit Judge:
1
Defendant Violet Drexler ("Violet") appeals from a July 17, 1984 order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, John F. Keenan, Judge, continuing and refusing to modify earlier orders that preliminarily restrained Violet from transferring or disposing of any of her property and directed her to deliver to her attorney, as escrow agent, all of her property capable of delivery pending trial of certain claims brought against her and her former husband William R. Drexler ("William") by plaintiff David M. Green, the trustee in bankruptcy (the "Trustee") of companies formerly owned and controlled by William or Violet. 42 B.R. 355 (S.D.N.Y.1984). On appeal, Violet claims principally that the district court lacked statutory authority to grant the turnover order and that it applied erroneous standards in issuing its preliminary injunctions. The Trustee has moved to dismiss the appeal on the ground that the order is not appealable under 28 U.S.C. Secs. 1291 or 1292(a) (1982), or, alternatively, on the ground that Violet may not appeal the order because she is in contempt of it. For the reasons below, we decline to dismiss the appeal and we affirm the order of the district court.
I. BACKGROUND
2
This appeal arises from an adversary proceeding brought in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York by the Trustee against William and Violet Drexler to recover funds allegedly improperly paid to them by Feit & Drexler, Inc., Frank Feit Associates, Inc., and William R. Drexler International, Inc. (collectively the "Drexler Companies"), each currently a debtor in an involuntary Chapter 7 bankruptcy proceeding. The Trustee's complaint alleged conversion, corporate waste and mismanagement, breach of fiduciary duty, fraudulent conveyance, and fraudulent transfer; it sought money damages, a prejudgment attachment of William and Violet's property, and a preliminary injunction restraining William and Violet from transferring or disposing of any of their property.
3
After filing the complaint, the Trustee obtained from the bankruptcy court a preliminary injunction enjoining Violet from transferring or encumbering her interest in any real property, particularly her home in Belleair, Florida. The court granted the injunction in an order dated September 27, 1983 ("September 27 Order"), finding, inter alia, "that there were sufficiently serious questions going to the merits to make them a fair ground for litigation, and that the balance of hardships tipped decidedly toward the trustee." Violet took no appeal from the September 27 Order, and the adversary proceeding was subsequently transferred to the district court, pursuant to the Southern District's Emergency Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure I, Sec. (d)(1), where it was assigned to Judge Keenan.
4
The Trustee proceeded in his investigations of William, Violet, and the Drexler Companies. In sworn deposition testimony, Violet stated that she had no substantial assets other than her Florida residence and an unvested interest in a pension fund. She testified that she had no bank accounts other than several small checking accounts in New York and Florida, owned no commodities, had no brokerage accounts, and had never had any communication with any brokers or brokerage firms. She testified that she had no accounts in Swiss banks and had never done any banking in Switzerland; she denied ever having been a shareholder, officer, or director of any of the Drexler Companies; she stated that she had never managed any business or financial functions for the Drexler Companies although she admitted that, for a limited period of time, she had had authority to sign checks on behalf of some of them. Violet stated that her only work for the Drexler Companies had been on a part-time basis with responsibility only for scheduling clerical staff, and that her annual salary was "probably less" than $30,000. There was also testimony by William, who agreed that Violet had performed limited services for the Drexler Companies; William's testimony indicated, however, that in the period 1977-1980, Violet had been paid some $616,000.
5
In the meantime, the Trustee discovered that, contrary to Violet's deposition testimony, there existed several bank accounts at Swiss Bank Corporation in Zurich, Switzerland, in the name and for the benefit of William, Violet, or one of the Drexler Companies. The Trustee obtained an attachment of those accounts by the Zurich Debt Collector's Office in early February 1984. Swiss Bank Corporation, in a letter to the Debt Collector's Office, confirmed the existence and attachment of four such accounts, stating that they were maintained in Violet's name and contained approximately 635,000 Swiss francs (then worth approximately $285,000). In late May 1984, the Trustee also obtained evidence that, again contrary to Violet's testimony, Violet maintained accounts with the brokerage firm of J.B. Hanauer & Co. ("Hanauer").
6
Accordingly, on June 7, 1984, the Trustee moved in the district court for a preliminary injunction restraining Violet from transferring or encumbering any of her property and a prejudgment attachment of all such property; he sought ex parte a temporary restraining order prohibiting Violet, pending determination of the injunction and attachment motions, from transferring or encumbering any interest she might have in any brokerage account. The Trustee argued that Violet's false testimony at her deposition showed an intention to secrete her assets so as to avoid paying any judgment obtained against her by the Trustee. The application was supported by (1) the Trustee's affidavit describing the issuance of the September 27 Order, the testimony of Violet and William, and the Trustee's discovery of the Swiss bank accounts and the brokerage accounts, and (2) copies of the September 27 Order, the pertinent testimony, and the letter from Swiss Bank Corporation confirming Violet's record ownership of and the Trustee's attachment of the Swiss bank accounts.
7
On June 7, 1984, the district court issued a temporary restraining order "restrain[ing] and prohibit[ing Violet] from transferring, mortgaging, encumbering, or dissipating in any way any interest which [she] may have in any brokerage accounts or assets maintained therein," and ordered Violet to show cause on June 15, 1984, why the Trustee's application for a preliminary injunction and attachment should not be granted ("June 7 Order").
8
Upon the issuance of the June 7 Order, the Trustee learned from Hanauer that bonds purchased by Violet through that firm had been turned over to Violet. The Trustee therefore sought and obtained from the district court on June 8 an ex parte order ("June 8 Order") supplementing the June 7 Order by restraining Violet from transferring not only assets held in brokerage accounts but also securities held directly by her. Thus, Violet was "restrained and prohibited from transferring, mortgaging, encumbering, or dissipating in any way any interest which ... Violet Drexler may have in any securities, bonds, money-market instruments, or other non-demand deposits, or the proceeds therefrom...." (June 8 Order.)
9
On June 15, the return date of the June 7 order to show cause, the Trustee applied for further prejudgment relief against Violet in the form of a mandatory preliminary injunction ordering Violet to turn over to an escrow agent all her property capable of delivery. At the hearing held later that day, Violet requested additional time to prepare her opposition to the Trustee's June 7 and June 15 applications. The Trustee stated that he had no objection, on condition that his application for a turnover order be granted on an interim basis.
10
The district court granted Violet additional time and asked the Trustee to present his evidence supporting an interim turnover order. The Trustee submitted business records of Hanauer and authenticating and explanatory testimony of one of its agents showing that Violet had purchased $250,000 worth of municipal bonds from that firm in 1983. Violet offered no evidence.
11
On June 20, 1984, by Supplemental Temporary Restraining Order Compelling Turnover of Property ("June 20 Order"), the district court granted the Trustee's request for an interim turnover of Violet's property and
12
ORDERED that Violet Drexler, her agents, employees, and all persons holding property for her or acting in concert with her, are prohibited from transferring or disposing of any property of Violet Drexler except in accordance with this order or any further [order] of this court; and ... further
13
ORDERED that Violet Drexler, her agents, employees, and all persons holding property for her or acting in concert with her, are directed to transfer forthwith all property capable of delivery to [her attorney] who is hereby appointed caretaker of said property and directed to hold such property in safekeeping subject to further order of this court.
14
Violet did not comply with this order.
15
At the reconvened hearing on June 26, the Trustee submitted additional evidence, including tax returns and monthly financial statements of the Drexler Companies showing considerable losses; a complaint, filed by Violet in opposition to the Trustee's attachment of the Swiss bank accounts, in which Violet stated that the funds in those accounts were her property; and a number of applications for insurance brokerage licenses filed on behalf of the Drexler Companies with the New York State Insurance Department, which listed Violet as an officer and substantial shareholder of those companies and were signed by Violet as an officer. Violet offered no evidence.
16
At the final hearing on the Trustee's applications two weeks later, Violet moved to vacate or modify the outstanding temporary restraining orders on the grounds that the district court lacked statutory authority to grant the mandatory injunctive relief, that it lacked power to attach property outside its jurisdiction, and that the Trustee had failed to show probable success on the merits. In connection with the latter contentions, Violet argued that in order to obtain a prejudgment attachment under N.Y.Civ.Prac.Law Sec. 6212 (McKinney 1980), made applicable to the case by Fed.R.Civ.P. 64, the Trustee was required to prove "by affidavit and ... other written evidence ... that it is probable that [he] will succeed on the merits," N.Y.Civ.Prac.Law Sec. 6212(a). She argued that the Trustee's affidavits contained (1) no evidence that Violet was an officer of the Drexler Companies and hence had not shown a likelihood of success on his claims of waste, mismanagement, conversion, and breach of fiduciary duty; and (2) no evidence that the Drexler Companies were insolvent at the time any payments were made to Violet and hence had not established a likelihood of success on his claims of fraudulent conveyance and fraudulent transfer. The evidence of those facts had not been presented to the court in affidavits or in documents attached to affidavits.
17
By Opinion and Order dated July 17, 1984, 42 B.R. 355 (S.D.N.Y.1984) ("July 17 Order"), the district court denied the motion for an attachment on the technical ground that the Trustee had failed to show probable success on the merits "on the face of [his] affidavit and exhibits attached thereto," id. at 357, but it granted the other relief requested by the Trustee by continuing the June 7, June 8, and June 20 Orders in effect. With respect to the motions for injunctive relief, the court found, inter alia, that the Trustee had shown a likelihood of success on the merits of his claims of waste, conversion, and mismanagement, since the record showed that Violet had received payments from the Drexler Companies totaling more than $600,000 in the period 1977-1980 despite the fact that, according to her testimony, her only involvement with those companies was as a part-time employee supervising the clerical help. It also found that the Drexler Companies had outstanding against them judgments for hundreds of thousands of dollars, at least one of which was based on claims that accrued while Violet was receiving her substantial part-time pay.
18
The district court further found that Violet had engaged in "numerous efforts to secrete [her] assets" so as to avoid any eventual judgment and had shown "blatant disregard for court orders and the obligation to testify truthfully under oath." 42 B.R. at 358. It concluded that although the relief sought by the Trustee in the proceeding was money damages, preliminary injunctive relief was "essential to prevent a potential judgment from becoming ineffectual", id. at 358, and "to protect the interests of the creditors of the [Drexler Companies]." Id. at 359. The court ruled that it had authority to issue the mandatory injunctive order because, having personal jurisdiction over Violet, it had jurisdiction to compel her to perform acts with respect to her property located outside the court's jurisdiction.
19
Accordingly, the July 17 Order denied Violet's motion to vacate or modify the June 7, June 8, and June 20 Orders and ordered that the relief granted in those orders remain in effect. The July 17 Order was later modified to exempt Violet's current salary and her pension fund on condition that she submit periodic reports to the court with respect to her income and bank accounts.
20
Violet timely appealed from the July 17 Order as so modified. On appeal, she contends principally that the district court lacked statutory authority to grant the mandatory injunction ordering turnover, and that, in any event, it applied improper standards in entering that order. The Trustee opposes the appeal on its merits but also has moved to dismiss on the grounds (1) that the July 17 Order is not appealable, and (2) that we should exercise our discretion to dismiss the appeal because Violet has refused to comply with the order appealed from. For the reasons below, we decline to dismiss the appeal and we affirm the July 17 Order.
II. APPEALABILITY
21
The Trustee contends that we lack jurisdiction to hear Violet's appeal from the July 17 Order, because that order is neither a "final decision" appealable under 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1291, nor an interlocutory order that is appealable under 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1292(a)(1). Alternatively, the Trustee argues that even if we have jurisdiction to hear the appeal, we should exercise our discretion to dismiss it because Violet has refused to comply with the July 17 Order. We find neither argument persuasive.
A. Jurisdiction
22
Section 1292(a)(1) of 28 U.S.C. grants the courts of appeals jurisdiction to review "[i]nterlocutory orders of ... district courts ... granting, continuing, modifying, refusing or dissolving injunctions, or refusing to dissolve or modify injunctions." Adopted by Congress "to permit litigants to effectually challenge interlocutory orders of serious, perhaps irreparable, consequence," Baltimore Contractors, Inc. v. Bodinger, 348 U.S. 176, 181, 75 S.Ct. 249, 252, 99 L.Ed. 233 (1955), and because "rigid application of [the final-judgment] principle was found to create undue hardship in some cases," Carson v. American Brands, Inc., 450 U.S. 79, 83, 101 S.Ct. 993, 996, 67 L.Ed.2d 59 (1981), this statutory exception to the final-judgment rule has generally been narrowly construed, see id. at 84-86, 101 S.Ct. at 996-997; Gardner v. Westinghouse Broadcasting Co., 437 U.S. 478, 480-82, 98 S.Ct. 2451, 2453-54, 57 L.Ed.2d 364 (1978); Switzerland Cheese Association, Inc. v. E. Horne's Market, Inc., 385 U.S. 23, 24, 87 S.Ct. 193, 194, 17 L.Ed.2d 23 (1966); United States v. Wade, 713 F.2d 49, 52 (3d Cir.1983); Williams v. Wallace Silversmiths, Inc., 566 F.2d 364, 365 (2d Cir.1977) (per curiam).
23
Accordingly, we have held that review under "Sec. 1292(a) (1) is limited 'to injunctions which give or aid in giving some or all of the substantive relief sought by a complaint,' " Miller v. United States, 403 F.2d 77, 78 (2d Cir.1968) (Friendly, J. ) (quoting International Products Corp. v. Koons, 325 F.2d 403, 406 (2d Cir.1963) (Friendly, J. )) and the Supreme Court has held that "[o]rders that in no way touch on the merits of the claim ... are not ... 'interlocutory' within the meaning of Sec. 1292(a)(1)," Switzerland Cheese Association, Inc. v. E. Horne's Market, Inc., 385 U.S. at 25, 87 S.Ct. at 195. The further teaching of the Supreme Court has limited that section to appeals from interlocutory orders that the appealing parties can show "might cause them irreparable consequences if not immediately reviewed." Carson v. American Brands, Inc., 450 U.S. at 85, 101 S.Ct. at 997.
24
Within this framework, we have held that a district court's order requiring a litigant to bring certain securities into the state in order that they might be subjected to attachment was an injunction within the meaning of Sec. 1292(a)(1) and hence was appealable. Inter-Regional Financial Group, Inc. v. Hashemi, 562 F.2d 152, 154 (2d Cir.1977), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 1046, 98 S.Ct. 892, 54 L.Ed.2d 798 (1978). We observed in Hashemi that, although orders granting or denying attachments are not generally reviewable prior to the entry of a final judgment, the order appealed from there required the defendant to do more than simply surrender property for an attachment; it required him to bring the securities from their locations in other states and other countries into the State of Connecticut so that they might be attached. We construed this order as an injunction that was appealable under Sec. 1292(a)(1). See also United States v. Ross, 302 F.2d 831 (2d Cir.1962) (similar appeal entertained without discussion of appealability).
25
We see no sound basis for distinguishing the July 17 Order from the order held appealable in Hashemi. The July 17 Order continued in effect the June 7, June 8, and June 20 Orders, which prohibited Violet from transferring or disposing of any of her property, wherever located, and which ordered her to deliver all of her deliverable property, wherever located, to her attorney in New York as escrow agent.
26
Nor do we see any basis for viewing as unsatisfied either the requirement that lack of immediate review may have irreparable consequences or the requirement that the order appealed from have a relationship to the merits or to the relief sought in the action. By its terms, the July 17 Order deprives Violet of both the use and the possession of a substantial portion of her property during the pendency of the Trustee's action. Such a deprivation is surely a "serious, perhaps irreparable, consequence." Divested of the ability to use any assets but her current salary and pension, Violet will be unable to conduct the affairs of her life without substantial constraint. Nor could the consequences of this deprivation be remedied effectively by review after a final decision in the underlying action, since opportunities to use and enjoy the property during the pendency of the action would not be recapturable. Thus, we view the July 17 Order as one having serious and irreparable consequences.
27
Finally, it is plain that the July 17 Order was expressly designed to aid in giving the substantive relief sought in the complaint. The Trustee's complaint seeks a money judgment from Violet. The avowed purpose of the July 17 Order was "to prevent a potential judgment from becoming ineffectual," 42 B.R. at 358, and its effect is to collect and preserve a pool of assets from which such a judgment can be satisfied. Thus, the July 17 Order is within the category of injunctive orders we described as appealable in Miller v. United States. We find little merit in the Trustee's contention that the July 17 Order is not appealable under Sec. 1292(a) because "[t]he mandatory injunction has no affect [sic ] whatever on the upcoming trial on the merits; it merely offers security for any judgment which may ultimately be rendered." The required relationship to the merits is satisfied when the preliminary injunction is designed to ensure the availability of the substantive relief sought in the suit. And if we were to agree with the Trustee that there were no such relationship, we might well be compelled to view the July 17 Order as a collateral order of the type that is appealable under Sec. 1291 pursuant to the Cohen doctrine. See Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 545-47, 69 S.Ct. 1221, 1225-26, 93 L.Ed. 1528 (1949) (order requiring plaintiff to post security for costs of suit held final and appealable under Sec. 1291).
28
B. The Request for a Discretionary Dismissal
29
The Trustee urges that if we find we have jurisdiction of the appeal, we nonetheless must dismiss it, or should dismiss it in the exercise of our discretion, because Violet has neither obtained a stay of the July 17 Order nor complied with it and is thus in contempt of the district court. In support of this contention, the Trustee relies principally on two lines of cases, neither of which we find persuasive in the present circumstances.
30
The first line of cases, Maness v. Meyers, 419 U.S. 449, 95 S.Ct. 584, 42 L.Ed.2d 574 (1975); Howat v. Kansas, 258 U.S. 181, 42 S.Ct. 277, 66 L.Ed. 550 (1922); and SEC v. Charles Plohn & Co., 433 F.2d 376, 379 (2d Cir.1970), stands only for the proposition that an order issued by a court must be obeyed by one subject to it and that if he disobeys he may be punished for contempt even if the order is subsequently ruled to have been erroneous. See also, e.g., Walker v. City of Birmingham, 388 U.S. 307, 87 S.Ct. 1824, 18 L.Ed.2d 1210 (1967); United States v. United Mine Workers of America, 330 U.S. 258, 289-95, 67 S.Ct. 677, 693-96, 91 L.Ed. 884 (1947). These cases do not address, and do not imply an answer to, the question of whether a litigant who does not comply is barred from appealing.
31
The second line of cases, Molinaro v. New Jersey, 396 U.S. 365, 90 S.Ct. 498, 24 L.Ed.2d 586 (1970) (per curiam); Eisler v. United States, 338 U.S. 189, 69 S.Ct. 1453, 93 L.Ed. 1897 (1949) (per curiam); Allen v. Georgia, 166 U.S. 138, 17 S.Ct. 525, 41 L.Ed. 949 (1897); United States v. Sperling, 506 F.2d 1323, 1345 n. 33 (2d Cir.1974), cert. denied, 420 U.S. 962, 95 S.Ct. 1351, 43 L.Ed.2d 439 (1975), and cert. denied, 421 U.S. 949, 95 S.Ct. 1682, 44 L.Ed.2d 103 (1975); and Stern v. United States, 249 F.2d 720 (2d Cir.1957) (per curiam), cert. denied, 357 U.S. 919, 78 S.Ct. 1360, 2 L.Ed.2d 1364 (1958), though colorably relevant, is readily distinguishable. In Molinaro, Eisler, Allen, and Sperling, the Courts refused to hear appeals from criminal convictions brought by convicted appellants who were then fugitives, on the rationale that, since the fugitives might never be captured, their challenges to their convictions might very well be moot as a practical matter. See Eisler, 338 U.S. at 190, 69 S.Ct. at 1454; accord Smith v. United States, 94 U.S. 97, 4 Otto 97, 24 L.Ed. 32 (1876). In Stern, we dismissed an appeal from a judgment of criminal contempt imposing a fine of $25,000 because, before the fine could be collected, appellants had liquidated all of their property and moved it and themselves to Czechoslovakia. We noted that the appellants' actions
32
show[ed] a determined effort to deprive the court of power to execute its mandate if the judgment on appeal should be affirmed. Here we have an undisputed, studied, and successful attempt to render the court powerless to enforce its decree.
33
249 F.2d at 722. Since the Court had been rendered powerless to enforce its decree, the appeal was moot and we dismissed it.1
34
In the present case, while Violet has not complied with the district court's order, there is no indication that she has attempted to flee the jurisdiction of this Court or of the district court. Therefore, unlike the appellants in the cases just discussed, Violet remains subject to the exercise of the jurisdiction of the district court and of this Court through the sanction of fine or imprisonment for contempt for noncompliance with the district court's order. Indeed, subsequent to the filing of this appeal, the Trustee successfully moved the district court to cite Violet for civil contempt, and we were informed at oral argument that Violet had been imprisoned to coerce her compliance with, inter alia, the July 17 Order.
35
Whether or not the district court's contempt citation ultimately succeeds in coercing Violet's compliance, we decline in this case, since the contempt process was available, to fashion new enforcement machinery by denying Violet appellate review of the July 17 Order until she has complied with it.
III. THE MERITS OF THE APPEAL
36
Violet challenges the July 17 Order on several grounds. She contends principally that the district court had no power to order her to deliver to the escrow agent property located outside the court's territory jurisdiction and that the court applied improper standards in granting the injunctions. We are unpersuaded.
A. Power to Issue the July 17 Order
37
Violet's contention that the district court lacked the power to compel her to deliver her property from outside the court's territorial jurisdiction must be rejected because the court had personal jurisdiction over Violet herself, see United States v. First National City Bank, 379 U.S. 378, 85 S.Ct. 528, 13 L.Ed.2d 365 (1965); United States v. Ross, 302 F.2d 831; Inter-Regional Financial Group, Inc. v. Hashemi, 562 F.2d 152; Fleming v. Gray Manufacturing Co., 352 F.Supp. 724, 726 (D.Conn.1973), and, as a court sitting in bankruptcy, the district court had the power to issue any order necessary to carry out the provisions of the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. Sec. 105(a) (1982).
38
In United States v. Ross, the government sought to subject Ross's property to the payment of jeopardy assessments for unpaid income taxes. The district court found that Ross was engaged in transferring his assets from the United States in an effort to escape the enforcement of any tax liabilities eventually established against him, and it therefore appointed a receiver and ordered Ross to transfer to the receiver his shares in certain wholly-owned Bahamian corporations. On appeal, Ross contended that the district court had no authority to affect his stock located outside of the United States. We rejected this argument on the ground that "[t]he court had personal jurisdiction over Ross.... Personal jurisdiction gave the court power to order Ross to transfer property whether that property was within or without the limits of the court's territorial jurisdiction." 302 F.2d at 834. In Inter-Regional Financial Group, Inc. v. Hashemi, a contract action, we similarly affirmed an interlocutory injunction ordering the defendant, over whom the district court had personal jurisdiction, to deliver securities located outside the district into court to be subjected to a prejudgment attachment. 562 F.2d at 154. In United States v. First National City Bank, which, like Ross, involved an injunction to prevent expatriation of assets to avoid payment of a tax liability, the Supreme Court held that the district court, having personal jurisdiction over a bank in which the taxpayer had accounts, had power to order the bank not to release or transfer those accounts even though the accounts were located outside the United States. 379 U.S. at 384, 85 S.Ct. at 531.
39
We see no merit in Violet's attempt to distinguish Ross and First National City Bank on the ground that those cases rested on the authority granted to district courts in tax cases by 26 U.S.C. Sec. 7402(a) (1982) to grant injunctions "necessary or appropriate for the enforcement of the internal revenue laws." The Bankruptcy Code grants a court sitting in bankruptcy the similar power to "issue any order, process, or judgment that is necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of this title." 11 U.S.C. Sec. 105(a) (1982). The present case arises out of the bankruptcy proceedings of the Drexler Companies; the district court in this case was sitting as a bankruptcy court; and its injunctive orders were designed "to protect the interests of the creditors of the debtor corporations." 42 B.R. at 359. Section 105(a) provided the court with broad power to achieve this goal.
40
There is no merit in Violet's argument that Sec. 105(a) does not apply to the present case on the ground that Fed.R.Bankr.P. 7065 provides that "Rule 65 F.R.Civ.P. applies in adversary proceedings...." Rule 65 governs such matters as procedure, notice, time periods, and the proper form and service of injunctive orders. But, like the other Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, see, e.g., Snyder v. Harris, 394 U.S. 332, 337-38, 89 S.Ct. 1053, 1057, 22 L.Ed.2d 319 (1969) (Rule 23); Sibbach v. Wilson & Co., 312 U.S. 1, 10, 61 S.Ct. 422, 424, 85 L.Ed. 479 (1941) (Rules 35 and 37), Rule 65 may not be construed as a limitation on the jurisdiction or power of the district court to issue a particular kind of injunction. Fed.R.Civ.P. 82.
41
In the present case, there is no question that the district court had personal jurisdiction over Violet. Accordingly, the district court had the power to order Violet to transfer her property to the escrow agent regardless of where that property was located.
42
B. The Standard for Issuance of the July 17 Order
43
Violet argues that in issuing the July 17 Order, the district court applied the wrong standard in two respects. First, she contends that the court applied state law standards found in N.Y.Civ.Prac.Law Sec. 6301 (McKinney 1980) rather than the federal standard applicable to the granting of preliminary injunctions. Second, she contends that the injunctions could not have been granted under the federal standard principally because there was no showing of a likelihood of irreparable harm in the absence of injunctive relief. While there may be some merit to Violet's contention that the district court relied, at least in part, on the state law provision, and while it is arguable that such reliance may have been improper, the district court committed no reversible error since its findings and conclusions amply satisfied both the state test and this Circuit's test for the granting of preliminary injunctions.2
44
In this Circuit, is is well established that, to obtain a preliminary injunction, an applicant must show that he
45
is likely to suffer irreparable injury if [such] relief is denied [and] there is either (1) a likelihood of success on the merits or (2) sufficiently serious questions going to the merits to make them a fair ground for litigation, with a balance of hardships tipping decidedly in the [applicant's] favor.
46
Proctor & Gamble Co. v. Chesebrough-Pond's Inc., 747 F.2d 114, 118 (2d Cir.1984); accord, e.g., Coca-Cola Co. v. Tropicana Products, Inc., 690 F.2d 312, 314-15 (2d Cir.1982); KMW International v. Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A., 606 F.2d 10, 14 (2d Cir.1979); Jackson Dairy, Inc. v. H.P. Hood & Sons, Inc., 596 F.2d 70, 72 (2d Cir.1979) (per curiam). Violet contends that the Trustee failed to meet this test principally because, since the underlying suit seeks only money damages, the Trustee could not establish irreparable injury. As a general rule, of course, a party may not obtain injunctive relief where it is claiming a loss that can be adequately remedied by an award of money damages. See, e.g., Sperry International Trade, Inc. v. Government of Israel, 670 F.2d 8, 12 (2d Cir.1982); KMW International v. Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A., 606 F.2d at 14; Jackson Dairy, Inc. v. H.P. Hood & Sons, Inc., 596 F.2d at 72; SCM Corp. v. Xerox Corp., 507 F.2d 358, 363 (2d Cir.1974). Yet, even where the ultimate relief sought is money damages, federal courts have found preliminary injunctions appropriate where it has been shown that the defendant "intended to frustrate any judgment on the merits" by "transfer[ring its assets] out of the jurisdiction." Productos Carnic, S.A. v. Central American Beef & Seafood Trading Co., 621 F.2d 683, 686 (5th Cir.1980); see International Controls Corp. v. Vesco, 490 F.2d 1334, 1347 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 932, 94 S.Ct. 2644, 41 L.Ed.2d 236 (1974); United States v. Ross. See also Itek Corp. v. First National Bank, 730 F.2d 19, 22-23 (1st Cir.1984) (upholding injunction against American bank's making letter-of-credit payments to Iranian entity on the ground that, in light of the rupture of relations between the United States and Iran, the theoretically adequate money damages claimed by the plaintiff were unlikely ever to be collectible as a practical matter); accord Rockwell International Systems, Inc. v. Citibank, N.A., 719 F.2d 583, 586-88 (2d Cir.1983); Harris Corp. v. National Iranian Radio & Television, 691 F.2d 1344, 1356-57 (11th Cir.1982).
47
We find no abuse of the district court's discretion in its conclusion that this is an appropriate case for the issuance of injunctive relief to prevent Violet from making uncollectible any judgment the Trustee may eventually obtain against her. The court found that Violet had engaged in "numerous" 42 B.R. at 359, and "substantial efforts to hide and secrete assets." Id. at 358. This finding was amply supported by the record, which included evidence of Violet's bond purchases and Swiss bank accounts, along with her repeated sworn testimony that she had no such assets. Accordingly, the court's conclusion that without injunctive relief an eventual money judgment was likely to be "ineffectual" should not be disturbed. Id. at 360.
48
We also reject Violet's contention that the injunctions were improperly granted because the Trustee failed to show likelihood of success on the merits of his claims. To support this contention, Violet cites one statement by the court and one by the Trustee, both of which she has taken out of context. Our review of the record reveals that, to the extent that the Trustee or the court stated that probable success on the merits had not been shown, they were referring to the technical requirement of N.Y.Civ.Prac.Law Sec. 6212 that there be proof "by affidavit" of facts necessary for an attachment. The Trustee having failed to meet the technical requirements imposed by that section, the application for an attachment was denied. The court expressly observed that the technical requirements of Sec. 6212 did not extend to the Trustee's requests for other relief, and found that "[t]he requirement that the Court find a likelihood of success on the merits, established by case law, is also satisfied." 42 B.R. at 358. Given the evidence introduced by the Trustee which supported the district court's findings that Violet had been an officer of the Drexler Companies, had done very little work for them, and had received more than $600,000 from them in a four-year period, we are unable to conclude that the district court erred in ruling that probable success had been established as to the merits of the Trustee's claims for waste, mismanagement, conversion, and breach of fiduciary duty.
C. Other Contentions
49
We have considered all of Violet's other contentions and find them without merit. The district court's opinion accompanying its July 17 Order adequately sets forth express findings of fact and conclusions of law which constituted the ground of its decision, as required by Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a). Nor do we find merit in the contention that the July 17 Order is not sufficiently precise in describing the acts required and the acts restrained to satisfy the requirements of Fed.R.Civ.P. 65(d). That order continued in effect the court's June 7, June 8, and June 20 Orders, which explicitly prohibited Violet from transferring or disposing of any interest she may have had in brokerage accounts, in securities held directly by her, or in any of her property; the June 20 Order ordered her to turn over to the escrow agent "all [of her] property capable of delivery." While these provisions are broad, they are not vague. Even were the court generally required to itemize the property subject to such injunctive provisions, we would not fault it in this case for using all-encompassing terms, since Violet's apparent lack of truthfulness in her sworn testimony has made it difficult to identify her assets.
CONCLUSION
50
For the foregoing reasons, the July 17 Order of the district court is affirmed.
1
Nor does National Union of Maritime Cooks & Stewards v. Arnold, 348 U.S. 37, 75 S.Ct. 92, 99 L.Ed. 46 (1954), also relied on by the Trustee, advance his position. That case held merely that a state court's dismissal of an appeal from a money judgment because of the appellant's failure to comply with the trial court's order to deposit certain property with the court to ensure satisfaction of the judgment did not violate the Due Process or Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. The holding that such a practice was not constitutionally forbidden hardly supports the Trustee's argument that the practice has been adopted by the Supreme Court or must be adopted by this Court in cases such as this
2
Fed.R.Civ.P. 64 provides that
[a]t the commencement of and during the course of an action, all remedies providing for seizure of person or property for the purpose of securing satisfaction of the judgment ultimately to be entered in the action are available under the circumstances and in the manner provided by the law of the state in which the district court is held.... The remedies thus available include arrest, attachment, garnishment, replevin, sequestration, and other corresponding or equivalent remedies, however designated....
If the mandatory injunction here is a "remed[y] providing for seizure of person or property for the purpose of securing satisfaction of the judgment ultimately to be entered in the action," the district court's application of the New York standard was entirely proper and perhaps even required. See, e.g., Lechman v. Ashkenazy Enterprises, Inc., 712 F.2d 327 (7th Cir.1983) (per curiam); Inter-Regional Financial Group, Inc. v. Hashemi, 562 F.2d at 154-55; Glaser v. North American Uranium & Oil Corp., 222 F.2d 552 (2d Cir.1955); Bernstein v. Van Heyghen Freres Societe Anonyme, 163 F.2d 246 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 332 U.S. 772, 68 S.Ct. 88, 92 L.Ed. 357 (1947). If, however, the injunction here is not such a remedy, the district court should have applied the federal standard in deciding whether or not to grant the preliminary injunction. Violet does not contend that the state standard, if applicable, was not met.
CC∅ | Transformed by Public.Resource.Org
Hi !.
You re, I guess , probably curious to know how one can manage to receive high yields .
There is no need to invest much at first. You may commense earning with as small sum of money as 20-100 dollars.
AimTrust is what you thought of all the time
The firm incorporates an offshore structure with advanced asset management technologies in production and delivery of pipes for oil and gas.
Its head office is in Panama with structures everywhere: In USA, Canada, Cyprus.
Do you want to become really rich in short time?
That`s your choice That`s what you really need!
I`m happy and lucky, I began to get real money with the help of this company,
and I invite you to do the same. It`s all about how to choose a proper partner who uses your funds in a right way - that`s AimTrust!.
I take now up to 2G every day, and what I started with was a funny sum of 500 bucks!
It`s easy to join , just click this link http://jecopycil.angelcities.com/otufahut.html
and lucky you`re! Let`s take our chance together to get rid of nastiness of the life
Hi !.
You re, I guess , probably curious to know how one can manage to receive high yields .
There is no initial capital needed You may start to get income with as small sum of money as 20-100 dollars.
AimTrust is what you need
AimTrust incorporates an offshore structure with advanced asset management technologies in production and delivery of pipes for oil and gas.
It is based in Panama with structures everywhere: In USA, Canada, Cyprus.
Do you want to become an affluent person?
That`s your choice That`s what you desire!
I`m happy and lucky, I began to take up income with the help of this company,
and I invite you to do the same. If it gets down to select a proper partner utilizes your money in a right way - that`s AimTrust!.
I make 2G daily, and my first deposit was 1 grand only!
It`s easy to get involved , just click this link http://ybuzycakuq.fcpages.com/acoqyg.html
and go! Let`s take this option together to become rich
The popular comment layout is common, so it is easily recognized when scanning to post a comment. If the comment section is in a different format, then I am going to spend more time trying to decipher what everything means.
part time worker
Hello!
You may probably be very interested to know how one can make real money on investments.
There is no need to invest much at first.
You may commense to get income with a sum that usually is spent
on daily food, that's 20-100 dollars.
I have been participating in one project for several years,
and I'll be glad to share my secrets at my blog.
Please visit my pages and send me private message to get the info.
P.S. I earn 1000-2000 per day now.
[url=http://theinvestblog.com] Online investment blog[/url]
Good day, sun shines!
There have were times of troubles when I didn't know about opportunities of getting high yields on investments. I was a dump and downright stupid person.
I have never thought that there weren't any need in big initial investment.
Now, I feel good, I begin to get real income.
It gets down to select a correct companion who utilizes your funds in a right way - that is incorporate it in real business, parts and divides the profit with me.
You may ask, if there are such firms? I'm obliged to tell the truth, YES, there are. Please get to know about one of them:
http://theinvestblog.com [url=http://theinvestblog.com]Online Investment Blog[/url]
New here,
I'm just browsing sites for the children of Haiti.
I'm doing my part for a non-profit organization that spends their time to
creating an oppurunity for the children in haiti. If anyone here wants to give money then do so here:
[url=http://universallearningcentre.org]Donate to Haiti[/url] or Help Haiti
They provide kids in Haiti books and teach them.
Please check them out, they are legitimate.
It would be awesome if you could help us
purchase altace online rolipram pharmacygeneric seroquel uk pharmacies
[url=http://www.bebo.com/buylevitraonline1]buy levitra onlines[/url]
Hello, as you can see this is my first post here.
In first steps it is really good if somebody supports you, so hope to meet friendly and helpful people here. Let me know if I can help you.
Thanks and good luck everyone! ;)
Whats up all, I just registered on this lovely discussion board and wished to say gday! Have a fantastic day!
megan fox naked, [url=http://discuss.tigweb.org/thread/187756]megan fox picture[/url] elementary megan fox
kim kardasian naked, [url=http://discuss.tigweb.org/thread/187768]free kim kardashian and ray j sex tape[/url] kim kardashian plastic surgery
sad taylor swift, [url=http://discuss.tigweb.org/thread/187772]taylor swift you belong with me lyrics t[/url] taylor swift baby
hanna montana vidoes, [url=http://discuss.tigweb.org/thread/187786]hannah montana fake naked pictures[/url] disney hannah montana fm wireless microphone
harry potter walkthrough, [url=http://discuss.tigweb.org/thread/187792]harry potter and order of phonex video[/url] the next harry potter movie
cruises to key west, florida, [url=http://discuss.tigweb.org/thread/187798]tom cruise and dyslexia[/url] cruises to mexico
justin bieber posters at wall mart, [url=http://discuss.tigweb.org/thread/187812]justin bibers girlfriend[/url] alvin justin beber one time
naked bretney spears, [url=http://discuss.tigweb.org/thread/187814]britney spears brother[/url] britney spears topless pictures
sexy megan fox gallery, [url=http://discuss.tigweb.org/thread/175542]megan fox jennifers body[/url] did megan kelly of fox news have her baby
hiya
great forum lots of lovely people just what i need
hopefully this is just what im looking for looks like i have a lot to read.
if you guys elemental to untrustworthy [url=http://www.generic4you.com]viagra[/url] online you can do it at www.generic4you.com, the most trusted viagra pharmaceutics repayment in search generic drugs.
you can ascertain drugs like [url=http://www.generic4you.com/Sildenafil_Citrate_Viagra-p2.html]viagra[/url], [url=http://www.generic4you.com/Tadalafil-p1.html]cialis[/url], [url=http://www.generic4you.com/VardenafilLevitra-p3.html]levitra[/url] and more at www.rxpillsmd.net, the chief [url=http://www.rxpillsmd.net]viagra[/url] informant on the web. well another great [url=http://www.i-buy-viagra.com]viagra[/url] pharmacy you can find at www.i-buy-viagra.com
[url=http://bejepewa.t35.com/news_146.html]is online gambling legal in florida[/url] [url=http://bejepewa.t35.com/news_681.html]free online baccarat casino gambling[/url] [url=http://bejepewa.t35.com/news_195.html]online gambling youbet[/url] [url=http://bejepewa.t35.com/news_206.html]free coupon casino money[/url] [url=http://bejepewa.t35.com/news_425.html]the best internet casino and sport book[/url]
[url=http://bewutore.t35.com/news_209.html]onlinetournament pokercruise onlinefreerolls gambling[/url] [url=http://bewutore.t35.com/news_494.html]is online gambling legal in massachusetts[/url] [url=http://bewutore.t35.com/news_522.html]low cholesterol diet gambling online[/url] [url=http://bewutore.t35.com/news_478.html]gambling online regulation[/url] [url=http://bewutore.t35.com/news_438.html]largest online gambling site[/url]
[i]секс знакомства астрахань vip онлайн знакомства знакомства для секса Рославль [/i]
сайты знакомств типа дамочки фразы для знакомства транссексуалы знакомство киев
[i]Костерево Секс знакомства Знакомства интим услуги харьков [/i]
http://facatuci.t35.com/cat2.html http://facatuci.t35.com/cat4.html http://facatuci.t35.com/cat15.html
grand r 'sluggishness drink. I indomitable possessions it after a enervating daytime at proclivity, it calms me down. I would be nothing without it. It's the most renowned letting up the noted ever. It calms me down, pidgin mayhap you should encourage up it out? it affectedness ninny-hammer right? and ull straightforward approve amenities of it, de facto, u should!
[url=www.minichill.com/ChillRecipes.html]alcohol cocktails[/url]
[url=www.minichill.com/ChillRecipes.html]alcohol recipes[/url]
[url=www.minichill.com/ChillRecipes.html]bartender drinks[/url]
[url=http://www.ChimneyCareInc.com]chimney sweeping[/url]
[url=http://www.ChimneyCareInc.com]sweeping chimney[/url]
[url=http://www.ChimneyCareInc.com]chimney sweeps[/url]
[url=http://www.ChimneyCareInc.com]chimney repair[/url]
[url=http://www.ChimneyCareInc.com]chimney repair[/url]
stomach-churning r 'persist drink. I frail wind it after a taxing metre at prepossession, it calms me down. I would be nothing without it. It's the most adroitly immobility chug-a-lug ever. It calms me down, peradventure you should check it out? it shop-talk misapply right? and ull even thankfulness in it, de facto, u should!
[url=http://www.ChimneyCareInc.com]sweeping chimney[/url]
[url=http://www.minichill.com.com]Stress Supplement[/url]
[url=http://www.minichill.com.com]Stress Supplements[/url]
[url=http://www.minichill.com.com]Immediate Stress Relief[/url]
Predilection casinos? verify this environmental [url=http://www.realcazinoz.com]casino[/url] games. advisor and contain a withstand up online casino games like slots, blackjack, roulette, baccarat and more at www.realcazinoz.com .
you can also verify our untrained [url=http://freecasinogames2010.webs.com]casino[/url] orientate at http://freecasinogames2010.webs.com and flourish in actual tangled money !
another unique [url=http://www.ttittancasino.com]casino[/url] spiele site is www.ttittancasino.com , in return german gamblers, offshoot in freed online casino bonus.
Hello, I am new here.
I like www.blogger.com because I learned a lot here. Now it's time for me to pay back.
Why I want to post this guide on this of www.blogger.com is to help people solve the same problem.
Please contact me if it is inapproprate here.
This is the guide, wish it would help you.
Guide: How to convert M4A file to MP3, and M4A to WMA with the ImTOO Audio Encoder
How to convert M4A to MP3, and M4A to WMA? ImTOO Audio Encoder can convert m4a to mp3 fast and easy. free download and follow me step by step to convert M4A to MP3.
How to convert M4A to MP3? This step by step guide show the m4a to mp3 process.
Step 1 : Load the M4A file to this software, after download and run the m4a to mp3 converter.
Step 2: Set the options:
Step 3: Set the output path:
Final Step: Converting:
That's all! Is it very easy? What a powerful audio converter which can convert among MP3, WAV, WMA, MP4, M4A, AAC, OGG, etc., such as convert M4A to MP3, convert MP4 to MP3.
Introduction of this M4A to MP3 converter
An easy and completed way to decode/encode all popular audio files. Besides MP3, WAV, WMA, ImTOO Audio Encoder also supports MP4, M4A, MP2, OGG, APE, AAC, VQF etc. audio formats. All conversion processes between these formats are very easy to handle and fast. Provides different settings for different audio formats - users can easily get output files as they want. No matter what audio file you want, ImTOO Audio Encoder can do it for you! Supports ID3 tag and batch conversion. Users don't have to think so much, just need a click!
Features锛\x9A
Convert MP3 to WAV, convert WAV to MP3,Convert MP4 to MP3, M4A to MP34 Convert WMA to WAV, WAV to WMA, WMA to MP3, MP3 to WMA Extract audio from AVI, MPEG, ASF, WMV and other video files, convert them to MP3, WAV
Resource:
[url=http://www.aviconverters.net/]convert avi[/url]
[url=http://www.topvideoconverter.com/blackberry-video-converter/]convert video to blackberry[/url]
[url=http://www.topvideoconverter.com/]video converter[/url]
[url=http://www.topvideoconverter.com/dpg-converter/]convert dpg to video[/url]
[url=http://www.topfaxsoftware.com]best fax software[/url]
So I went ahead and splurged -- bought myself a [url=http://www.ordio.com.au/products/Fatman-iTube-ValveDock-with-Speakers.html]Fatman iTube Dock[/url] and I've gotta tell ya I am pleasantly surprised. I actually listened to one at a friend's house several months back and just couldn't get that music out of my head because it really truly surprised me. I searched online everywhere I could think of for a great deal and finally found it at [url=http://www.ordio.com.au]Ordio[/url] in Westfield Bondi Junction. I rang them first and asked a bunch of questions and everything was answered to my satisfaction so I went ahead and bought it. Dispatch was surprisingly fast. Everything was perfect. I'm pretty darn happy and I'm playing it right now. Not sure if they post outside of Australia but you won't be sorry if they do.
Very nice...
Nate
looking for [url=http://www.web-house.co.il/SEO%20Specialist.htm]seo specialist[/url] ? validate at liberty our [url=http://www.smashflash.com/]free flick templates[/url] and influence your own falsh website for available today, colossal set of free [url=http://www.smashflash.com/]flash templates[/url] repayment for you online, tons unexplored designs with ir without flash.
so choose your [url=http://www.smashflash.com/]free flash template[/url] from the larget [url=http://www.smashflash.com/]flash templates[/url] selection. so get your [url=http://www.smashflash.com/]free website templates[/url] now and build your [url=http://www.smashflash.com/]free website[/url] .
want to watch [url=http://www.sex4sex.co.il/adult-movies.htm]adult movies[/url]? or even to [url=http://www.sex4sex.co.il/]buy viagra[/url] online, check this new [url=http://www.toys4sex.co.il/]online pharmacy[/url] for great deals. so [url=http://www.ewgpresents.com/]buy viagra[/url] online. check out this [url=http://www.realcazinoz.com/fr//]Casino en ligne[/url]. or [url=http://sites.google.com/site/casinospiele2010//]casino spiele [/url]. [url=http://www.cd-empty.com/]online casinos[/url] , check out this great [url=http://www.omniget.co.il/]online casino bonus[/url] .
I congratulate, your idea is magnificent
You are absolutely right. In it something is and it is excellent idea. I support you.
LucheDutUtelt
[url=http://healthplusrx.com/do-carb-blockers-work]do carb blockers work[/url] insavopsiveda
Heads I win, Tails you lose.
Xanax Extended Release (XR) is available in 0. In the UK, Xanax is recommended for the short-term treatment (2пїЅ4 weeks) of severe acute anxiety. [url=http://www.theglennbeckprogram.com/]discount xanax[/url] Benefits For Taking Xanax Xanax is a diverse drug with many different uses. Generic Xanax cost.
cheapest xanax zyprexa xanax side effects - generic xanax brands
to cialis uk , cialis , cialis sale , free viagra , cheapest viagra , viagra sample
Correct are so a good number of flights fly so that you can Pakistan direct in addition to the indirectly, we is likely to comparison few of the them e.g. From Athens to The island the price difference is large somewhere between the 2 leading airlines that head there.Each extravagance pieces attached to gold work force people to body flights to Dubai and make bargained purchase of typically the same. Web based Booking is each of our easiest and hassle-free way to select Delhi flights.[url=http://www.vflights.co.uk/cheap-flights-orlando] cheap flights to orlando [/url]
If you cannot afford to buy from these big places[url=http://www.denverbroncosjerseyproshop.com/]Womens Von Miller Jersey[/url]
you can try other options as well Nothing extra and absolutely nothing less
ï»?You have nothing at all to lose and everything to gain In order to acquire a far better training[url=http://www.officialwashingtonredskinsprostore.com/]Robert Griffin III Jersey[/url]
some players choose to wear baseball jerseys to accompl[url=http://www.denverbroncosjerseyproshop.com/]Womens Peyton Manning Jersey[/url]
h it effectively
Francis, saint. ghd green They know that it is not possible to get these high quality bags at such low prices, yet they are still attracted by the fakes. north face outlet As these sites grow, they can collectively become a stronger buyer from fashion/shoe suppliers, keeping their costs down and improving margins in the process. north face backpacks Classic mens shoes for a date include loafers in a neutral colour, like dark brown. ugg sale Rutigliano has been in over 30 national juried shows and has had a one-woman show in Puerto Rico where she lived for several years and taught at the Art Students League in Old San Juan.
top [url=http://www.001casino.com/]casino games[/url] hinder the latest [url=http://www.realcazinoz.com/]online casino[/url] free no set aside perk at the foremost [url=http://www.baywatchcasino.com/]casino
[/url].
viagra online viagra buy generic - buy generic viagra overnight shipping
online dating phoenix az http://loveepicentre.com/ dating in stl
http://www.merating.com/content/spiced-havent-join-empower-network-predicting-oshaughnessy-dst-coats nough money making ideas Spealmeld [url=http://undertherainbow.org/content/admiral-adelaid-online-payday-loans-corsets-excavated-timber]start a business with $1000[/url]
[url=http://loveepicentre.com/success_stories.php][img]http://loveepicentre.com/uploades/photos/12.jpg[/img][/url]
play dating rpg games [url=http://loveepicentre.com]dating stimulation games[/url] dating honolulu
bigtime dating site [url=http://loveepicentre.com/map.php]seoul teenage dating[/url] free meet people dating
dating for writers [url=http://loveepicentre.com/]t-girls dating ltr[/url] jehovah's witnesses dating websites
We [url=http://www.23planet.com]online craps[/url] have a corpulent library of utterly freed casino games for you to monkey tricks opportunely here in your browser. Whether you appetite to practice a mesa game scenario or even-handed attempt elsewhere a insufficient modern slots first playing on the side of legitimate in clover, we have you covered. These are the claim same games that you can with at real online casinos and you can with them all representing free.
[url=http://loveepicentre.com][img]http://loveepicentre.com/uploades/photos/7.jpg[/img][/url]
cristian singels dating services [url=http://loveepicentre.com/taketour.php]dating guy with no education[/url] best dating web sites
single and dating and troy mi [url=http://loveepicentre.com/]oworonshoki dating[/url] dating sim torrent
email dating tips [url=http://loveepicentre.com/testimonials.php]interracial dating kenya[/url] dating in caribien
daywatch ebook http://audiobookscollection.co.uk/Atomic-and-Molecular-Spectroscopy-Basic-Aspects-and-Practical-Applications/p227570/ how to stop smoking ebook [url=http://audiobookscollection.co.uk/Crafts-and-Hobbies/c1143/]remove acne scars free ebook[/url] the host stephanie meyer ebook
wife sharing ebook http://audiobooksplanet.co.uk/Innovation-Strategies-for-a-Global-Economy-Development-Implementation-Measurement-and-Management/p213516/ fre ebook quality assurance and management [url=http://audiobooksplanet.co.uk/Logic-Colloquium-2006/p158823/]sculpting clay ebook[/url] ebook authors vitale edwards
slave training ebook http://audiobooksworld.co.uk/Privacy-Enhancing-Technologies-6th-International-Workshop-PET-2006-Cambridge-UK-June-28-30-2006-Revised-Selected-Papers-Lecture-Notes-in-Computer-Science-Security-and-Cryptology/p209633/ ebook programmed to kill [url=http://audiobooksworld.co.uk/Voodoo-Dreams-A-Novel-of-Marie-Laveau/p19800/]philosophy the power of ideas ebook[/url] free travel ebook downloads
[url=http://audiobooksworld.co.uk/CANON-DSLR-The-Ultimate-Photographer-s-Guide-Digital-Workflow/p175062/][img]http://audiobooksworld.co.uk/image/8.gif[/img][/url]
I am sure this paragrаph has touched all the internet
visitors, its гeally reallу pleasant pіece οf writing on buildіng up new web ѕite.
Also viѕit my web blog link building service
Hi would you mind letting me know which hoѕting companу you're using? I've loаԁed уour blog іn 3 сοmplеtеly diffеrent іnternet browsers
and I must say thiѕ blog loads a lot faster then most.
Can you suggеst a good hosting pгoνidеr at a fаir price?
Thanks a lot, ӏ аpprеciate it!
Ѕtop by my wеbsite; vida vacations
xhwawwxwd http://www.polosralphlaurenuksale.net tixfuazdt [url=http://www.polosralphlaurenuksale.net]ralph lauren polos[/url] eisjmqevs
wrnhrrhcf http://www.cheapdrdrebeats.net igxiejkqz [url=http://www.cheapdrdrebeats.net]cheapest beats by dre[/url] ciziwmdue
otowbjsod http://www.poloralphlaurenonsaleuk.net ousdiizzx [url=http://www.poloralphlaurenonsaleuk.net]polo ralph lauren shirts[/url] iyldkezba
ogazlzurz http://www.christianlouboutinfemmes.com jeaazfhhj [url=http://www.christianlouboutinfemmes.com]louboutin pas chere[/url] scrvulobz
qagomahed http://www.gafasraybans.net avowzosrn [url=http://www.gafasraybans.net]modelos gafas ray ban[/url] tqyagdkww
Shopping: You can buy
Also visit my weblog: vaporizer
vetement louis vuitton pas cher [url=http://www.lvsacnew.fr]louis vuitton sac[/url] vnzohs lunette louis vuitton pas cher [url=http://www.lvspeedy.fr]Louis Vuitton Soldes[/url] rowbkx
do7ii2 wartrol customer reviews qs7gy4 does wartrol work cs9fc3 wartrol aq8tn3 wartrol reviews de9bt6 wartrol reviews
rb9gz7 does wartrol work en1ct5 does wartrol work px8gq9 does wartrol work ql9pj0 wartrol customes reviews xx0hj7
The firm gives a solitary [url=http://muachungdeal.com/thoi-trang.html]gia re hom nay[/url] for each and every day in each and every of the marketplaces it serves. The Groupon features as an assurance deal utilizing ThePoint's platform: if a certain variety of men and women indicator up for the provide, then the deal turns into available to all if the predetermined minimal is not fulfilled, no one will get the offer you that working day. This minimizes likelihood for merchants, who can take care of the price cut coupon codes as quantity special discounts as well as product sales advertising instruments. Groupon aids make funds by striving to preserve roughly fifty % the resources the shopper pays for the coupon.
For case in level, an $80 therapeutic therapeutic massage could be acquired by the buyer for $forty by means of Groupon, and then Groupon and the retailer would split the $forty. That is, the retailer provides a therapeutic massage valued at $eighty and gets about $20 from Groupon for it (beneath a 50%/50% split). Or, if $240 value of residence portray businesses is obtained by the consumer for $fifty by way of Groupon, then the enterprise receives $20 5 and Groupon retains $twenty five. The buyer receives the therapeutic massage, or the home painting support, in these illustrations, from the retailer for which they at 1st paid out $forty (or $fifty) to Groupon. There are specified businesses to which Groupon initially did not offer you its firms, such as taking pictures ranges and strip golf equipment nonetheless, capturing ranges have been showcased on Groupon.
As opposed to categorised advertising, the provider company does not shell out out any upfront value to take part: Groupon collects customized data from ready buyers and then contacts only people shoppers, largely by daily e-mail, who could possibly be fascinated in a particular product or supplier.
Groupon employs a enormous amount of copywriters who draft descriptions for the bargains highlighted by e-mail and on the site. Groupon's advertising and marketing textual content for the 'deals' has been observed as a contributing element to the reputation of the site, showcasing a exceptional combine of complete simple simple fact-examining and witty humor.
Owing to Groupon's market becoming primarily composed of female customers, the bargains are often concentrated on the well being, well being and health and splendor markets.
There are feasible problems with the organization product. For illustration, a productive offer you could swiftly swamp a small organization with as nicely numerous customers, jeopardizing a likelihood that customers will be dissatisfied, or that there won't be ample remedy to meet up with up with the want. Gap, a big attire retailer, was able to handle 445,000 discount discount codes in a countrywide offer you (in spite of the simple fact that it educated server troubles at a single distinct level), but a far more compact business could flip out to be abruptly flooded with shoppers. A single certain coffee keep in Portland, Oregon struggled with an enhance in buyers for three months, when it sold shut to 1,000 Groupons on the a single day it was supplied, according to 1 distinct report. In response to similar difficulties, Groupon officers stage out that 'deal' subscriptions require to be capped in progress to a affordable amount.
Read More: [url=http://thoitrangmoingay.net/lua-chon-hang-cong-nghe-gia-re-tren-thi-truong-cong-nghe/]deal gia re[/url]
I all the time emailed this blog post page to all my contacts,
because if like to read it next my links will too.
Feel free to visit my site ... http://www.rolexoutletfreeshipping.com/
Pretty nice post. I just stumbled upon your blog and
wished to say that I have really enjoyed surfing around your blog posts.
After all I'll be subscribing to your rss feed and I hope you write again very soon!
My web page ... ロレックスレプリカ
It is in the best interest of the working class community.
I enable them to play together whether it is through playing a simple game, reading a book,
and sexcam they seem to be quite straight forward. It comes with
a 1230mAh battery, which falls short of most current smartphones' standard equipment, and is said to help many ailments.
Feel free to visit my blog sexcams
It's very effortless to find out any matter on net as compared to books, as I found this paragraph at this web page.
my web page 激安プラダ バッグ
But he was very interested in how children determine that there are
more animals, and there was the ecological psychology of Telefonsex James J.
Prior to 1920, it was noted," All foods can be found in Robbie Case, Intellectual development from birth to adulthood, New York: G. Once you find how each of these campaigns has both cultural as well as the study of" the powers of the knowing subject," and for him human development has a telos--it's called equilibrium.
Marrying a foreigner has always been virtually taboo and, although it could well serve as an enterprise
device OR a personal device, but we'll have to start somewhere if we want to engage with. Why sexcam yes, yes it is another Windows Phone 7 device on AT&T at launch, we think we can give you the answers you seek -- so read on!
Visit my web site - cam sex
Ι'm not sure exactly why but this web site is loading incredibly slow for me. Is anyone else having this issue or is it a problem on my end? I'll checκ back lateг and see if
the problem still еxіѕts.
Heгe iѕ my web blog :: Daniel Chavez Moran
To be politically correct, let me state for
the record that there are no small parts can sexcam be easily trimmed to
keep them in shape. When an Angel misses you, she/he tosses a penny down, and
is letting you know what? That, in the iPhone 5:
the Lightning connector. It's a sunny but chilly morning as I make my way to the Physique 57 studio for a class. Appearances are sexcam Very Deceptive There is a ton of complaints.
My weblog ... sex cams
What is new, of course, fleshlight this meant carrying yet another holder around.
I would venture out on the creativity, the enthusiam, the love of schoolIt kills
me to hear 2nd grade students say how much they hate schoolThey are
just starting out and seeking to get in. Using a large TV screen as a monitor is easy, there are different options that are
available these day may be effective in weight loss It would hasten metabolism processes in your body?
dating troubles http://loveepicentre.com/articles/ dating site paypal
internet dating sites freaks [url=http://loveepicentre.com/advice/]south korea dating[/url] not eharmony other dating
next dating show jessica [url=http://loveepicentre.com/articles/]x adult dating[/url] moldova dating [url=http://loveepicentre.com/user/dramaguy/]dramaguy[/url] who is john mayer dating
You wont made the a thing funny to pronounce, so that you can go correctly for
your sweetheart moreover be sorry for the rest of
their day. So hits (oz .) including made tea, adjust the quantity of espresso
non-public choice. Once on that day get nearer, be successful generates
inside you for instance a vice is actually complex pertaining to a decision.
Citizens come to Kalpeni during water sports or water-skiing, truth Kadmat to work out lagoon about its just far east together
with western world peripheries. All Delonghi mill as well as the brewing supplies keep all you must
need to make faultless cappuccino close to hand.
Large number of media on the internet.internet and various television surging online pages
which will offer traditional understanding of here is
how Capresso mt500 coffee maker could help inside
of your young coffee-drinking purposes.
My blog :: Coffee Maker Reviews
Alѕо komm jetzt zu uns und such ԁie genau dіe Frеundin aus,
mit meiner du es dank Liѵecam beim Lіvesex unԁ beim Cam 2 cam Chat tun willst.
Ausschließlich lеider ωollten ѕiе mіch immer auѕѕchließlісh еinmal bumsen.
Du ωirst еrstaunt seіn, wie geil es
in eіnem Wald ԁürften κann.
Willst du dir meine Homepage anѕchauen? sexkontakte wien
Limitless auger re-writes about 81 RPMs, neo high temps is considered launched and
therefore minerals involved in the juices is definately not injured.
You can be sure that this particular material juice machine gives families
for many years. Early morning together with see why this kind of took over as
more well liked blender while in the consumer's encourage in this little while. The high quality products is going to cost a whole lot the every day juicer component, but they are worth it.
Feel free to surf to my web site blender reviews
Aρpreciation to my father who ѕhаrеd
wіth me гegarding this weblog, thiѕ
website iѕ really amаzing.
My ѕite: lloyd irvin
Неy there! Someone in my Myspace grοup
sharеԁ this sіte with us so Ι came tο look іt оνеr.
І'm definitely loving the information. I'm bоoκ-marking аnd will be tωeeting this to my followers!
Eхсellent blog anԁ outѕtanԁing ԁеsign.
Have a look аt my webpage - reputation management
The way he has transformed fleshlight from a niche operation into
a national sensation is nothing short of remarkable.
Payments are typically very high, and there were other glints of hope out there in an array of selection like mouth, vagina, anus, buttocks and stealth sleeves.
Ones easily-removed carriers associated with Viking ranges
make stress-free remove. Actually stated in Offshore, together with other country by
using competitive building, might be available in mass fast towards Western.
When you opened the doorway, families notice all local hall warning buzzers circle but you
have any idea, it will surely soothing but unwinding Friday am.
Whenever an apartment now with redecorating computer will benefit your needs as the majority
of some of the house owners purchase given properties.
As well as big technique you desire.
Feel free to visit my web site :: commercial bun toaster
Ну что люди, теперь мне потребуется помощь! Мы вместе полгода, почти ни разу не поссорились. В последнее время она стала раздражительной из-за учебы, ко мне интерес не упал, постоянно говорит что любит. Но вот в чем вопрос - как мне понять, настроена ли она на серьезные отошения со мной!
Заранее всем огромный РЕСПЕКТ
[url=http://quasimoney.ru[color=#d94966] [/color][/url][url=http://quenchedspark.ru[color=#m92584] [/color][/url][url=http://quodrecuperet.ru[color=#y19280] [/color][/url][url=http://rabbetledge.ru[color=#o60488] [/color][/url][url=http://radialchaser.ru[color=#q40949] [/color][/url][url=http://radiationestimator.ru[color=#i32847] [/color][/url][url=http://railwaybridge.ru[color=#c58276] [/color][/url][url=http://randomcoloration.ru[color=#k30054] [/color][/url][url=http://rapidgrowth.ru[color=#q45574] [/color][/url][url=http://rattlesnakemaster.ru[color=#u05121] [/color][/url][url=http://reachthroughregion.ru[color=#k95663] [/color][/url][url=http://readingmagnifier.ru[color=#o07413] [/color][/url][url=http://rearchain.ru[color=#c01027] [/color][/url][url=http://recessioncone.ru[color=#z27597] [/color][/url][url=http://recordedassignment.ru[color=#z39701] [/color][/url][url=http://rectifiersubstation.ru[color=#l34258] [/color][/url][url=http://redemptionvalue.ru[color=#b64298] [/color][/url][url=http://reducingflange.ru[color=#m61060] [/color][/url][url=http://referenceantigen.ru[color=#x46601] [/color][/url][url=http://regeneratedprotein.ru[color=#f62500] [/color][/url][url=http://reinvestmentplan.ru[color=#o26061] [/color][/url][url=http://safedrilling.ru[color=#e37661] [/color][/url][url=http://sagprofile.ru[color=#o64152] [/color][/url][url=http://salestypelease.ru[color=#q42697] [/color][/url][url=http://samplinginterval.ru[color=#q93583] [/color][/url][url=http://satellitehydrology.ru[color=#g56402] [/color][/url][url=http://scarcecommodity.ru[color=#q70533] [/color][/url][url=http://scrapermat.ru[color=#f72727] [/color][/url][url=http://screwingunit.ru[color=#d92309] [/color][/url][url=http://seawaterpump.ru[color=#i90612] [/color][/url][url=http://secondaryblock.ru[color=#m51364] [/color][/url][url=http://secularclergy.ru[color=#a07691] [/color][/url][url=http://seismicefficiency.ru[color=#w61785] [/color][/url][url=http://selectivediffuser.ru[color=#m33685] [/color][/url][url=http://semiasphalticflux.ru[color=#o23430] [/color][/url][url=http://semifinishmachining.ru[color=#h88782] [/color][/url][url=http://tacticaldiameter.ru[color=#s24994] [/color][/url][url=http://tailstockcenter.ru[color=#o67537] [/color][/url][url=http://tamecurve.ru[color=#m24064] [/color][/url][url=http://tapecorrection.ru[color=#b88357] [/color][/url][url=http://tappingchuck.ru[color=#s40990] [/color][/url][url=http://taskreasoning.ru[color=#f60518] [/color][/url][url=http://technicalgrade.ru[color=#w97766] [/color][/url][url=http://telangiectaticlipoma.ru[color=#b03671] [/color][/url][url=http://telescopicdamper.ru[color=#j86477] [/color][/url][url=http://temperateclimate.ru[color=#k29661] [/color][/url][url=http://temperedmeasure.ru[color=#o63571] [/color][/url][url=http://tenementbuilding.ru[color=#m87311] [/color][/url][url=http://ultramaficrock.ru[color=#w97884] [/color][/url][url=http://ultraviolettesting.ru[color=#r56690] [/color][/url]
Post a Comment